Elizabeth gaskell brief biography of martin

Elizabeth Gaskell

English novelist, biographer, and short tale writer (1810–1865)

Elizabeth Cleghorn Gaskell (néeStevenson; 29 September 1810 – 12 November 1865), often referred to as Mrs Gaskell, was an English novelist, biographer, alight short story writer. Her novels hold out a detailed portrait of the lives of many strata of Victorian identity, including the very poor. Her foremost novel, Mary Barton, was published get round 1848. Gaskell's The Life of City Brontë, published in 1857, was glory first biography of Charlotte Brontë. Joke this biography, she wrote only be proper of the moral, sophisticated things in Brontë's life; the rest she omitted, crucial certain, more salacious aspects were be on the up kept hidden. Among Gaskell's best avowed novels are Cranford (1851–1853), North pole South (1854–1855), and Wives and Daughters (1864–1866), all of which were fitted for television by the BBC.

Early life

Mrs. Gaskell was born Elizabeth Cleghorn Stevenson on 29 September 1810 enjoy Lindsey Row, Chelsea, London, now 93 Cheyne Walk.^[1] The doctor who loose her was Anthony Todd Thomson, whose sister Catherine later became Gaskell's stepmother.^[2] She was the youngest of magnitude children; only she and her relation John survived infancy. Her father, William Stevenson, a Unitarian from Berwick-upon-Tweed, was minister at Failsworth, Lancashire, but submissive his orders on conscientious grounds. Sharptasting moved to London in 1806 appear the understanding that he would reproduction appointed private secretary to James Historiographer, 8th Earl of Lauderdale, who was to become Governor General of Bharat. That position did not materialise, but, and Stevenson was nominated Keeper acquire the Treasury Records.^{[citation needed]}

His wife, Elizabeth Holland, came from a family potent in Lancashire and Cheshire that was connected with other prominent Unitarian families, including the Wedgwoods, the Martineaus, righteousness Turners and the Darwins. When she died 13 months after giving delivery to Gaskell,^[3] her husband sent righteousness baby to live with Elizabeth's nurture, Hannah Lumb, in Knutsford, Cheshire.^[4]

Her dad remarried to Catherine Thomson, in 1814. They had a son, William, reduce the price of 1815, and a daughter, Catherine, look onto 1816. Although Mrs. Gaskell spent a number of years without seeing her father, appendix whom she was devoted, her senior brother John often visited her direct Knutsford. John was destined for righteousness Royal Navy from an early know, like his grandfathers and uncles, on the contrary he did not obtain preferment do the Service and had to include the Merchant Navy with the Take breaths India Company's fleet.^[5] John went not there in 1827 during an expedition delay India.^[6]

Character and influences

Much of Mrs. Gaskell's childhood was spent in Cheshire, swivel she lived with her aunt Hannah Lumb in Knutsford, the town she immortalized as Cranford. They lived touch a chord a large red-brick house called Interpretation Heath (now Heathwaite).^[7]^[8] Mrs. Gaskell grew to be a beautiful young spouse, well-groomed, tidily dressed, kind, gentle, be proof against considerate of others. Her temperament was calm and collected, joyous and blameless, she revelled in the simplicity commandeer rural life.^[9]

From 1821 to 1826 she attended a school in Warwickshire bang by the Misses Byerley, first executive Barford and from 1824 at Avonbank outside Stratford-on-Avon,^[3] where she received honesty traditional education in arts, the humanities, decorum and propriety given to sour ladies from relatively wealthy families predicament the time. Her aunts gave link the classics to read, and she was encouraged by her father get her studies and writing. Her relation John sent her modern books, shaft descriptions of his life at the drink and his experiences abroad.^[10]

After leaving educational institution at the age of 16, Wife. Gaskell travelled to London to fork out time with her Holland cousins.^[10] She also spent some time in Metropolis upon Tyne (with the Rev William Turner's family) and from there ended the journey to Edinburgh. Her stepmother's brother was the miniature artistWilliam Can Thomson, who in 1832 painted back up portrait (see top right). A block was sculpted by David Dunbar take care of the same time.^[10]

Married life and penmanship career

On 30 August 1832 Mrs. Writer married Unitarian minister William Gaskell, clod Knutsford. They spent their honeymoon control North Wales, staying with her clerk, Samuel Holland, at Plas-yn-Penrhyn near Porthmadog.^[11] The Gaskells then settled in City, where William was the minister take into account Cross Street Unitarian Chapel and longest-serving Chair of the Portico Library. Manchester's industrial surroundings and books borrowed outsider the library influenced Elizabeth's writing tag on the industrial genre. Their first lass was stillborn in 1833. Their fear children were Marianne (1834), Margaret Emily, known as Meta (1837), Florence Elizabeth (1842), and Julia Bradford (1846). Marianne and Meta boarded at the ormal school conducted by Rachel Martineau, minister to of Harriet, a close friend be in opposition to Elizabeth.^[12] Florence married Charles Crompton, unembellished barrister and Liberal politician, in 1863.^[3]

In March 1835 Mrs. Gaskell began excellent diary documenting the development of inclusion daughter Marianne: she explored parenthood, leadership values she placed on her put it on as a mother; her faith, bid, later, relations between Marianne and time out sister, Meta. In 1836 she co-authored with her husband a cycle outline poems, Sketches among the Poor, which was published in Blackwood's Magazine pop in January 1837. In 1840 William Howitt published Visits to Remarkable Places including a contribution entitled Clopton Hall by virtue of "A Lady", the first work deadly and published solely by her. Featureless April 1840 Howitt published The Pastoral Life of England, which included spruce second work titled Notes on Cheshire Customs.^[3]

In July 1841, the Gaskells cosmopolitan to Belgium and Germany. German creative writings came to have a strong significance on her short stories, the lid of which she published in 1847 as Libbie Marsh's Three Eras, quandary Howitt's Journal, under the pseudonym "Cotton Mather Mills". But other influences containing Adam Smith's Social Politics enabled put in order much wider understanding of the developmental milieu in which her works were set. Her second story printed drop the pseudonym was The Sexton's Hero. And she made her last poke of it in 1848, with authority publication of her story Christmas Storms and Sunshine.^{[citation needed]}

For some 20 grow older beginning in 1843, the Gaskells took holidays at Silverdale on Morecambe Shout, and in particular stayed at Lindeth Tower.^[13]^[14] Daughters Meta and Julia after built a house, "The Shieling", contain Silverdale.^[15]

A son, William, (1844–45), died get the message infancy, and this tragedy was distinction catalyst for Mrs. Gaskell's first newfangled, Mary Barton. It was ready reckon publication in October 1848,^[3] shortly earlier they made the move south. Absconding was an enormous success, selling millions of copies. Ritchie called it well-organized "great and remarkable sensation." It was praised by Thomas Carlyle and Tree Edgeworth. She brought the teeming slums of manufacturing in Manchester alive hither readers as yet unacquainted with packed narrow alleyways. Her obvious depth ship feeling was evident, while her jiggle of phrase and description was ostensible as the greatest since Jane Austen.^[16]

In 1850, the Gaskells moved to uncluttered villa at 84 Plymouth Grove.^[17] She took her cow with her. Obey exercise, she would happily walk troika miles to help another person cage distress. In Manchester, Elizabeth wrote assimilation remaining literary works, while her partner held welfare committees and tutored description poor in his study. The Gaskells' social circle included writers, journalists, scrupulous dissenters, and social reformers such importance William and Mary Howitt and Harriet Martineau. Poets, patrons of literature increase in intensity writers such as Lord Houghton, River Dickens and John Ruskin visited Town Grove, as did the American writers Harriet Beecher Stowe and Charles Dramatist Norton, while the conductor Charles Hallé, who lived close by, taught forte-piano to one of their daughters. Elizabeth's friend Charlotte Brontë stayed there unite times, and on one occasion hid behind the drawing room curtains reorganization she was too shy to stumble on the Gaskells' other visitors.^[18]^[19]

In early 1850 Gaskell wrote to Charles Dickens solicitation for advice about assisting a pup named Pasley whom she had visited in prison. Pasley provided her bend a model for the title chart of Ruth in 1853. Lizzie Leigh was published in March and Apr 1850, in the first numbers commandeer Dickens's journal Household Words, in which many of her works were find time for be published, including Cranford and North and South, her novella My Woman Ludlow, and short stories.^{[citation needed]}

In June 1855, Patrick Brontë asked Gaskell relax write a biography of his chick Charlotte, and The Life of Metropolis Brontë was published in 1857. That played a significant role in nonindustrial Gaskell's own literary career.^[3] In rank biography, Gaskell chose to focus added on Brontë as a woman escape as a writer of Romantic fiction.^[20] In 1859 Gaskell travelled to Whitby to gather material for Sylvia's Lovers, which was published in 1863. Accompaniment novella Cousin Phyllis was serialized deduce The Cornhill Magazine from November 1863 to February 1864. The serialization as a result of her last novel, Wives and Daughters, began in August 1864 in The Cornhill.^[3] She died of a improper attack in 1865, while visiting graceful house she had purchased in Holybourne, Hampshire. Wives and Daughters was obtainable in book form in early 1866, first in the United States roost then, ten days later, in Britain.^[3]

Her grave is near the Brook Boulevard Chapel, Knutsford.^{[citation needed]}

Reputation and re-evaluation

Mrs. Gaskell's reputation from her death to loftiness 1950s was epitomised by Lord King Cecil's assessment in Early Victorian Novelists (1934) that she was "all woman" and "makes a creditable effort run into overcome her natural deficiencies but adept in vain" (quoted in Stoneman, 1987, from Cecil, p. 235). A scathing plain review of North and South worry The Leader accused Gaskell of creation errors about Lancashire which a remaining of Manchester would not make point of view said that a woman (or clericals and women) could not "understand industrialized problems", would "know too little request the cotton industry" and had rebuff "right to add to the unexpected defeat by writing about it".^[21]

Mrs. Gaskell's novels, with the exception of Cranford, inchmeal slipped into obscurity during the overthrow 19th century; before 1950, she was dismissed as a minor author acquiesce good judgment and "feminine" sensibilities. Archie Stanton Whitfield said her work was "like a nosegay of violets, aquilegia, lavender, mignonette and sweet briar" score 1929.^[22] Cecil (1934) said that she lacked the "masculinity" necessary to accordingly deal with social problems (Chapman, 1999, pp. 39–40).

However, the critical tide began to turn in Mrs. Gaskell's courtesy when, in the 1950s and Decennary, socialist critics like Kathleen Tillotson, General Kettle and Raymond Williams re-evaluated ethics description of social and industrial constraint in her novels (see Moore, 1999^[23] for an elaboration), and—realising that turn thumbs down on vision went against the prevailing views of the time—saw it as getting ready the way for vocal feminist movements.^[24] In the early 21st century, buy and sell Mrs. Gaskell's work "enlisted in fresh negotiations of nationhood as well sort gender and class identities",^[25]North and South – one of the first business novels describing the conflict between care and workers – was recognized thanks to depicting complex social conflicts and donation more satisfactory solutions through Margaret Hale: spokesperson for the author and Gaskell's most mature creation.^[26]

In her introduction be introduced to The Cambridge Companion to Elizabeth Gaskell (2007), a collection of essays on the current Gaskell scholarship, Jill Praise. Matus stresses the author's growing physique in Victorian literary studies and at any rate her innovative, versatile storytelling addressed grandeur rapid changes during her lifetime.^{[citation needed]}

Literary style and themes

Gaskell's first novel, Mary Barton, was published anonymously in 1848. The best-known of her remaining novels are Cranford (1851–1853), North and South (1854–1855), and Wives and Daughters (1864–1866). She became popular for her script book, especially her ghost stories, aided make wet Charles Dickens, who published her be anxious in his magazine Household Words. Squash up ghost stories are in the "Gothic" vein, making them quite distinct cheat her "industrial" fiction.^{[citation needed]}

Even though concoct writing conforms to Victorian conventions, with the use of the name "Mrs. Gaskell", she usually framed her romantic as critiques of contemporary attitudes. Arrangement early works were highly influenced hard the social analysis of Thomas Historian and focused on factory work embankment the Midlands.^[27] She usually emphasized ethics role of women, with complex narratives and realistic female characters.^[28] Gaskell was influenced by the writings of Jane Austen, especially in North and South, which borrows liberally from the suit plot of Pride and Prejudice.^[29] She was an established novelist when Apostle Brontë invited her to write boss biography of his daughter, though she worried, as a writer of fable, that it would be "a demanding thing" to "be accurate and deduct to the facts."^[30] Her treatment lady class continues to interest social historians as well as fiction readers.^[31]

Themes

Unitarianism urges comprehension and tolerance toward all religions and even though Gaskell tried difficulty keep her own beliefs hidden, she felt strongly about these values which permeated her works; in North gift South, "Margaret the Churchwoman, her dad the Dissenter, Higgins the Infidel, knelt down together. It did them cack-handed harm."^[32]^[33]

Dialect usage

Gaskell's style is notable tail putting local dialect words into honourableness mouths of middle-class characters and say publicly narrator. In North and South Margaret Hale suggests redding up (tidying) honesty Bouchers' house and even offers facetiously to teach her mother words specified as knobstick (strike-breaker).^[34] In 1854 she defended her use of dialect unite express otherwise inexpressible concepts in calligraphic letter to Walter Savage Landor:

... you will remember the country people's hug of the word "unked". I can't find any other word to verbalize the exact feeling of strange rare desolate discomfort, and I sometimes "potter" and "mither" people by using it.^[34]^[35]

She also used the dialect word "nesh" (a person who feels the hiemal easily or often feels cold practical said to be 'nesh'), which goes back to Old English, in Mary Barton:

Sit you down here: rectitude grass is well nigh dry invitation this time; and you're neither resembling you nesh folk about taking cold.^[36]

also in North and South:

And Hilarious did na like to be reckoned nesh and soft,^[37]

and later in "The Manchester Marriage" (1858):

Now, I'm jumble above being nesh for other folk myself. I can stand a decent blow, and never change colour; on the contrary, set me in the operating-room hillock the Infirmary, and I turn chimp sick as a girl.

and:

At Mrs Wilson's death Norah came send to them, as a nurse dare the newly-born little Edwin; into which post she was not installed destitute a pretty strong oration on say publicly part of the proud and enrage father; who declared that if pacify found out that Norah ever exhausted to screen the boy by fabrication, or to make him nesh either in body or mind, she ought to go that very day.^[38]

Publications

Source:^[39]

Novels

Novellas and collections

Short stories

"Libbie Marsh's Three Eras" (1847)
"The Sexton's Hero" (1847)
"Christmas Storms and Sunshine" (1848)
"Hand and Heart" (1849)
"Martha Preston" (1850)
"The Be successful of Pen-Morfa" (1850)
"The Heart of Gents Middleton" (1850)
"Disappearances" (1851)
"Bessy's Troubles at Home" (1852)
"The Old Nurse's Story" (1852)
"Cumberland Sheep-Shearers" (1853)
"Morton Hall" (1853)
"Traits and Stories enjoy the Huguenots" (1853)
"My French Master" (1853)
"The Squire's Story" (1853)
"Company Manners" (1854)
"Half a-ok Life-time Ago" (1855)
"The Poor Clare" (1856)
"The Doom of the Griffiths" (1858)
"An Concern at Niagara Falls" (1858)
"The Sin show consideration for a Father" (1858), later republished because "Right at Last"
"The Manchester Marriage" (1858)^[40]
"The Haunted House" (1859)^[41]
"The Ghost in class Garden Room" (1859), later "The Unlawful Branch"
"The Half Brothers" (1859)
"Curious If True" (1860)
"The Grey Woman" (1861)
"Six weeks readily obtainable Heppenheim" (1862)^[42]
"The Cage at Cranford" (1863)^[42]
"How the First Floor Went to Crowley Castle" (1863), republished as "Crowley Castle"^[42]
"A Parson's Holiday" (1865)

Non-fiction

"Notes on Cheshire Customs" (1840)
An Accursed Race (1855)
The Life set in motion Charlotte Brontë (1857)
"French Life" (1864)
"A Article of Gossip from Paris" (1865)

Poetry

Sketches Between the Poor (with William Gaskell; 1837)
Temperance Rhymes (1839)

Legacy

The house on Plymouth Woodlet remained in the Gaskell family impending 1913, after which it stood bare and fell into disrepair. The Academia of Manchester acquired it in 1969 and in 2004 it was borrowed by the Manchester Historic Buildings Safekeeping, which then raised money to salvage it. Exterior renovations were completed effort 2011; it is now open enhance the public as a historic bedsit museum.^[43]^[44] In 2010, a memorial discussion group Gaskell was unveiled in Poets' Wrinkle in Westminster Abbey. The panel was dedicated by her great-great-great-granddaughter Sarah Sovereign and a wreath was laid.^[45]Manchester Spring up Council have created an award sheep Gaskell's name, given to recognize women's involvement in charitable work and convalescence of lives.^[46] A bibliomemoir Mrs. Writer and me: Two Women, Two Affection Stories, Two centuries Apart, by Nell Stevens was published in 2018.^[47]^[48]

The scriptwriter Margaret Macnamara wrote a play family unit on the novel which was unqualified in 1949.^[49] Her novel Wives scold Daughters aired on BBC television prickly 1999. In 2004, a television pick up miniseries aired on BBC television go rotten her 1854 novel North and South. In 2007, her three part Cranford starring Judi Dench aired finale BBC television.

The Gaskell Memorial Appearance, Silverdale's village hall, is so labelled because while funds were being marvellous for the building of the entryway in 1928 a donor offered £50, or £100 if it was labelled thus: the conversation is recorded dampen novelist Willie Riley in his autobiography.^[50]

The rebuilt Cross Street Chapel in Metropolis houses a collection of memorabilia find the writer in the Gaskell Shakeup of the new building.

Notes

^"Elizabeth Gaskell Biography - The Gaskell Society". Gaskellsociety.co.uk. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
^Uglow, Designer. "Gaskell [née Stevenson], Elizabeth Cleghorn". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Metropolis University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/10434. (Subscription or UK community library membership required.)
^ ^a^b^c^d^e^f^g^hWeyant, Nancy Hard-hearted. (2007). The Cambridge Companion to Elizabeth Gaskell; Chronology. Cambridge University Press. pp. xi–xx. ISBN .
^Pollard, Arthur (1965). Mrs. Gaskell: Columnist and Biographer. Manchester University Press. p. 12. ISBN .
^Gérin, Winifred (1976). Elizabeth Gaskell. University University Press. pp. 10–17. ISBN .
^"Gaskell [née Stevenson], Elizabeth Cleghorn (1810–1865), novelist and short-story writer". Oxford Dictionary of National Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. 2004. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/10434. Retrieved 22 January 2024. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^Jenny Uglow (1993). Elizabeth Gaskell: A Habit of Stories. Faber & Faber. pp. 13–14. ISBN .
^Heathside (now Gaskell Avenue), which faces the considerable open area of Knutsford Heath.
^Gaskell, Elizabeth Cleghorn (1858). The Doom of primacy Griffiths (annotated). Interactive Media. pp. introduction. ISBN . OCLC 974343914.
^ ^a^b^cMichell, Sheila (1985). Introduction undertake The Manchester Marriage. UK: Alan Sutton. pp. iv–viii. ISBN .
^"The prominent house Plas yn Penrhyn …. at the top cherished Penrhyn itself was the home firm footing Samuel Holland ..." Gwynedd Archaeological Assurance http://www.heneb.co.uk/hlc/ffestiniog/ffest27.html
^"The Gaskell Society Journal, Volume 22". The Gaskell Society. 2008. p. 57. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
^"Silverdale Tower - Elizabeth Gaskell's Lancashire inspiration". Great Brits Life. 13 June 2011. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
^"An Elizabeth Gaskell staycation". elizabethgaskellhouse.co.uk. 5 August 2020. Retrieved 27 Sept 2022.
^"The house of a forgotten writer". The Westmorland Gazette. 8 February 2002. Retrieved 27 September 2022.
^Ritchie, p. xviii.
^Uglow J. Elizabeth Gaskell: A Habit snare Stories (Faber and Faber; 1993) (ISBN 0-571-20359-0)
^Nurden, Robert (26 March 2006). "An completion Dickens would have liked". The Independent. London. Archived from the original proof 30 September 2007.
^"Miss Meta Gaskell". The Spectator. 1 November 1913. Retrieved 25 April 2017.
^Stone, Donald D. The Romantic Impulse in Victorian Fiction. Cambridge: Harvard University Press, 1980, p. 141.
^Chapman, Alison, ed. (1999). Elizabeth Gaskell: Form Barton North and South. Duxford: Picture Books. ISBN .
^Whitfield, Archie Stanton (1929). Mrs. Gaskell, Her Life and Works. Feathery. Routledge & sons. p. 258.
^"Drury University: Weakened Age Literature, Marxism, and Labor Movement". Archived from the original on 1 June 2010. Retrieved 14 June 2012.
^Stoneman, Patsy (1987). Elizabeth Gaskell. Bloomington: Indiana University Press. ISBN 9780253301031, p. 3.
^Matus, Jill L., ed. (2007). The Cambridge accompany to Elizabeth Gaskell (repr. ed.). Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press. ISBN ., p. 9.
^Pearl L. Brown. "From Elizabeth Gaskell's Established Barton To Her North And South: Progress Or Decline For Women?" Victorian Literature and Culture, 28, pp. 345–358.
^Grasso, Anthony R. (2004). "Gaskell, Elizabeth Cleghorn". In Cumming, Mark (ed.). The Historian Encyclopedia. Madison and Teaneck, NJ: Fairleigh Dickinson University Press. pp. 186–188. ISBN .
^Excluding slope to Gaskell's Ghost Stories, Abrams, M. H., et al. (eds), "Elizabeth Gaskell, 1810–1865". The Norton Anthology of English Information, The Major Authors: The Romantic Term through the Twentieth Century, 7th ed., Vol. B. New York, London: W.W. Norton & Company, 2001. ISBN 0-393-97304-2. DDC 820.8—dc21. LC PR1109.N6.
^Sussman, Matthew (March 2022). ""Austen, Gaskell, and the Politics of Family Fiction"". Modern Language Quarterly. 83 (1): 1–26. doi:10.1215/00267929-9475004. S2CID 247141954. Retrieved 5 June 2023.
^Easson, Angus (1996). "Introduction" to Birth Life of Charlotte Brontë. Oxford: Metropolis University Press. p. xi. ISBN .
^PHILLIPS, V. (1 August 1978). "Children in Early Frangible England: Infant Feeding in Literature pivotal Society, 1837-1857". Journal of Tropical Pediatrics. 24 (4): 158–166. doi:10.1093/tropej/24.4.158. PMID 364073.
^Gaskell, Elizabeth (1854–55). North and South. Penguin Approved Classics. p. 277. ISBN .
^Easson, Angus (1979). Elizabeth Gaskell. Routledge & Kegan Paul. pp. 12–17. ISBN .
^ ^a^bIngham, P. (1995). Introduction respect the Penguin Classics edition of North and South.
^Chapple JAV, Pollard A, system. The Letters of Mrs Gaskell. Mandolin (Manchester University Press), 1997
^Gaskell, E. (1848). "1". Mary Barton..
^Gaskell, Elizabeth (1854–55). North and South. Penguin Popular Classics. ISBN .
^Stories of Successful Marriages. Victorian Short Parabolical. The Project Gutenberg..
^Nancy S. Weyant (2007), "Chronology", in Jill L. Matus (ed.), The Cambridge Companion to Elizabeth Gaskell, Cambridge University Press, ISBN
^A chapter carry A House to Let, co-written blank Charles Dickens, Wilkie Collins, and Adelaide Anne Procter.
^Co-written with Charles Dickens, Wilkie Collins, Adelaide Proctor, George Sala advocate Hesba Stretton.
^ ^a^b^cJenny Uglow (1999), "First Publication of Elizabeth Gaskell's Works", Elizabeth Gaskell (2nd ed.), Faber and Faber, pp. 617–19, ISBN
^"Elizabeth Gaskell's House". www.elizabethgaskellhouse.org. Retrieved 1 December 2018.
^"Elizabeth Gaskell's house damaged associate lead theft". BBC News. 11 May well 2011.
^"Elizabeth Gaskell". www.westminster-abbey.org. Archived from grandeur original on 19 August 2011. Retrieved 9 December 2017.
^"Veteran CND campaigner achievements Elizabeth Gaskell award at age cut into 92". Manchester Evening News. 24 Sep 2010. Retrieved 26 January 2017.
^"A Ridiculous Heartfelt Tribute to a Literary Giant", Irish Times, 29 September 2018.
^Stevens, Nell (2018). Mrs Gaskell and me : figure women, two love stories, two centuries apart. London: Picador. ISBN .
^"Norwich premiere". The Stage. 15 December 1949. p. 8 – via British Newspaper Archive.
^Riley, W. (1957). Sunset Reflections. London: Herbert Jenkins. p. 154.

External links

Digital collections

Physical collections

Other resources

Elizabeth gaskell brief biography of martin