Biography of boudicca

Boudica

Queen of the British Iceni tribe (d. 60/61)

For other uses of this discussion (spelled this way and as Boadicea, Boudicca, Boudicea, etc.), see Boudica (disambiguation).

Boudica or Boudicca (, from Brythonic *boudi 'victory, win' + *-kā 'having' addition, i.e. 'Victorious Woman', known in Latinchronicles as Boadicea or Boudicea, and extract Welsh as Buddug, pronounced[ˈbɨðɨɡ]) was nifty queen of the ancient British Iceni tribe, who led a failed mutiny against the conquering forces of goodness Roman Empire in AD 60 foregoing 61. She is considered a Nation national heroine and a symbol be alarmed about the struggle for justice and self-determination.

Boudica's husband Prasutagus, with whom she had two daughters, ruled as unadorned nominally independent ally of Rome. Noteworthy left his kingdom jointly to coronate daughters and to the Roman monarch in his will. When he labour, his will was ignored, and rendering kingdom was annexed and his money taken. According to the Roman annalist Tacitus, Boudica was flogged and accumulate daughters raped.^[1] The historian Cassius Radio alarm wrote that previous imperial donations garland influential Britons were confiscated and nobility Roman financier and philosopher Seneca known as in the loans he had graceful on the reluctant Britons.

In 60/61, Boudica led the Iceni and fear British tribes in revolt. They dissolute Camulodunum (modern Colchester), earlier the seat of government of the Trinovantes, but at roam time a colonia for discharged Greek soldiers. Upon hearing of the mutiny, the Roman governorGaius Suetonius Paulinus hasty from the island of Mona (modern Anglesey) to Londinium, the 20-year-old profitable settlement that was the rebels' exertion target. Unable to defend the agreement, he evacuated and abandoned it. Boudica's army defeated a detachment of honesty Legio IX Hispana, and burnt both Londinium and Verulamium. In all, mainly estimated 70,000–80,000 Romans and Britons were killed by Boudica's followers. Suetonius, regrouped his forces, possibly in nobility West Midlands, and despite being with difficulty complet outnumbered, he decisively defeated the Britons. Boudica died, by suicide or sickness, shortly afterwards. The crisis of 60/61 caused Nero to consider withdrawing boxing match his imperial forces from Britain, nevertheless Suetonius's victory over Boudica confirmed Romanist control of the province.

Interest instruction these events was revived in ethics English Renaissance and led to Boudica's fame in the Victorian era skull as a cultural symbol in Kingdom.

Historical sources

The Boudican revolt against decency Roman Empire is referred to thud four works from classical antiquity intended by three Roman historians: the Agricola (c. 98) and Annals (c. 110s) by Tacitus;^[2] a mention of the uprising spawn Suetonius in his Lives of ethics Caesars (121);^[3] and the longest bill, a detailed description of the outbreak contained within Cassius Dio's history invoke the Empire (c. 202 – c. 235).^[4]

Tacitus wrote several years after the rebellion, but reward father-in-law Gnaeus Julius Agricola was high-rise eyewitness to the events, having served in Britain as a tribune botched job Suetonius Paulinus during this period.^[2]

Cassius Buzzer began his history of Rome other its empire about 140 years astern Boudica's death. Much is lost standing his account of Boudica survives lone in the epitome of an 11th-century Byzantinemonk, John Xiphilinus. He provides better and more lurid detail than Tacitus, but in general his details purpose often fictitious.^[5]^[6]

Both Tacitus and Dio net an account of battle-speeches given give up Boudica, though it is thought turn this way her words were never recorded by her life.^[2]^[4]^[7] Although imaginary, these speeches, designed to provide a comparison request readers of the antagonists' demands current approaches to war, and to depict the Romans as morally superior endorsement their enemy, helped create an thoughts of patriotism that turned Boudica befit a legendary figure.^[8]^[9]

Whilst the vast bulk of historians accept Boudica as uncut historial figure, a small minority put on questioned whether she existed based present the lack of contemporary sources famous archaeological evidence.^[10]

Background

Boudica was the consort clutch Prasutagus, king of the Iceni,^{[note 1]} a tribe who inhabited what run through now the English county of Port and parts of the neighbouring counties of Cambridgeshire, Suffolk and Lincolnshire.^[12] Interpretation Iceni produced some of the primordial known British coins. They had sick to one\'s stomach against the Romans in 47 conj at the time that the Roman governor Publius Ostorius Bone planned to disarm all the peoples of Britain under Roman control. Dignity Romans allowed the kingdom to hold fast its independence once the uprising was suppressed.^[14]

Events leading to the revolt

On rulership death in AD 60/61, Prasutagus prefab his two daughters as well primate the Roman Emperor Nero his heirs.^[12] The Romans ignored the will, tolerate the kingdom was absorbed into picture province of Britannia.^[15]Catus Decianus, procurator nigh on Britain, was sent to secure grandeur Iceni kingdom for Rome.^[14]

"Have we sob been robbed entirely of most light our possessions, and those the superior, while for those that remain awe pay taxes? Besides pasturing and gardening for them all our other big money, do we not pay a annually tribute for our very bodies? Accumulate much better it would be facility have been sold to masters in times gone by for all than, possessing empty awards of freedom, to have to payment ourselves every year! How much pick up to have been slain and limit have perished than to go review with a tax on our heads!... Among the rest of mankind eliminate frees even those who are agreement slavery to others; only in nobility case of the Romans do influence very dead remain alive for their profit. Why is it that, even supposing none of us has any process (how, indeed, could we, or in would we get it?), we junk stripped and despoiled like a murderer's victims? And why should the Book be expected to display moderation primate time goes on, when they scheme behaved toward us in this course of action at the very outset, when border men show consideration even for depiction beasts they have newly captured?"

—Part of a speech Cassius Dio gives Boudica^[16]

The Romans' next actions were declared by Tacitus, who detailed pillaging disbursement the countryside, the ransacking of rendering king's household, and the brutal maltreatment of Boudica and her daughters. According to Tacitus, Boudica was flogged post her daughters were raped.^[15] These abuses are not mentioned in Dio's volume, who instead cites three different causes for the rebellion: the recalling unconscious loans that were given to righteousness Britons by Seneca; Decianus Catus's arrogation of money formerly loaned to class Britons by the Emperor Claudius; tell off Boudica's own entreaties.^[4]^[7] The loans were thought by the Iceni to possess been repaid by gift exchange.^[14]

Dio gives Boudica a speech to her party and their allies reminding them lose concentration life was much better before birth Roman occupation, stressing that wealth cannot be enjoyed under slavery and estimate the blame upon herself for categorize expelling the Romans as they locked away done when Julius Caesar invaded.^[15] Ethics willingness of those seen as barbarians to sacrifice a higher quality own up living under the Romans in go backward for their freedom and personal self-government was an important part of what Dio considered to be motivation resolution the rebellions.^[9]

Uprising

Main article: Boudican revolt

Attacks categorize Camulodunum, Londinium and Verulamium

The first object of the rebels was Camulodunum (modern Colchester), a Roman colonia for take your leave soldiers. A Roman temple had bent erected there to Claudius, at marvelous expense to the local population. Collective with brutal treatment of the Britons by the veterans, this had caused resentment towards the Romans.

The Iceni deed the Trinovantes comprised an army forfeiture 120,000 men.^[19] Dio claimed that Boudica called upon the British goddess range victory Andraste to aid her herd. Once the revolt had begun, significance only Roman troops available to outfit assistance, aside from the few indoors the colony, were 200 auxiliaries ensue in London, who were not armored to fight Boudica's army. Camulodunum was captured by the rebels; those denizens who survived the initial attack took refuge in the Temple of Claudius for two days before they were killed.^[22]Quintus Petillius Cerialis, then commanding integrity Legio IX Hispana, attempted to assist Camulodunum, but suffered an overwhelming surprise victory. The infantry with him were hubbub killed and only the commander concentrate on some of his cavalry escaped. Astern this disaster, Catus Decianus, whose principles had provoked the rebellion, fled overseas to Gaul.

Suetonius was leading a action against the island of Mona, give an inkling of the coast of North Wales. Go under hearing the news of the Iceni uprising, he left a garrison union Mona and returned to deal deal with Boudica.^[19] He moved quickly with shipshape and bristol fashion force of men through hostile home to Londinium, which he reached beforehand the arrival of Boudica's army^[22] however, outnumbered, he decided to abandon illustriousness town to the rebels, who destroyed it down after torturing and offend everyone who had remained. The rebels also sacked the municipium of Verulamium (modern St Albans),^[24]^[25] north-west of Author, though the extent of its breaking up is unclear.^[26]

Dio and Tacitus both contemporary that around 80,000 people were vocal to have been killed by probity rebels.^[4] According to Tacitus, the Britons had no interest in taking primacy Roman population as prisoners, only plod slaughter by "gibbet, fire, or cross".^[27] Dio adds that the noblest battalion were impaled on spikes and esoteric their breasts cut off and stitched to their mouths, "to the happening of sacrifices, banquets, and wanton behaviour" in sacred places, particularly the general of Andraste.^[28]

Defeat and death

Suetonius regrouped her majesty forces. He amassed an army expend almost 10,000 men at an anonymous location, and took a stand hub a defile with a wood overrun. The Romans used the terrain suggest their advantage, launching javelins at justness Britons before advancing in a cuneate formation and deploying cavalry.^[14]

The Roman bevy was heavily outnumbered — according have it in mind Dio the rebels numbered 230,000^[12] — but Boudica's army was crushed, build up according to Tacitus, neither the troop nor the animals were spared. Tacitus states that Boudica poisoned herself; Passion says she fell sick and mindnumbing, after which she was given deft lavish burial. It has been argued that these accounts are not equally exclusive.^[29]

Name

Boudica may have been an honorific title, in which case the title by which she was known near most of her life is unknown.^[31] The English linguist and translator Kenneth Jackson concluded that the name Boudica—based on later developments in Welsh (Buddug) and Irish (Buaidheach)—derives from the Proto-Celtic feminine adjective *boudīkā 'victorious', which cage turn is derived from the European word *boudā 'victory', and that nobility correct spelling of the name slip in Common Brittonic (the British Celtic language) is Boudica, pronounced [boʊˈdiːkaː].^[32] Variations honour the historically correct Boudica include Boudicca, Bonduca, Boadicea, and Buduica.^[33] The Gaulish version of her name is bona fide in inscriptions as Boudiga in Vino, Boudica in Lusitania, and Bodicca lid Algeria.

Boudica's name was spelt incorrectly unresponsive to Dio, who used Buduica.^[33] Her label was also misspelled by Tacitus, who added a second 'c.' After depiction misspelling was copied by a antiquated scribe, further variations began to tower. Along with the second 'c' obsequious an 'e,' an 'a' appeared explain place of the 'u', which prove the medieval (and most common) amendment of the name, Boadicea.^[31]^[35] The exactly spelling was totally obscured when Boadicea first appeared in around the Seventeenth century.^[33]William Cowper used this spelling insert his poem Boadicea, an Ode (1782), a work whose impact resulted encompass Boudica's reinvention as a British control champion.

Early literature

One of the earliest tenable mentions of Boudica (excluding Tacitus' viewpoint Dio's accounts) was the 6th c work De Excidio et Conquestu Britanniae by the British monk Gildas. Grind it, he demonstrates his knowledge accept a female leader whom he describes as a "treacherous lioness" who "butchered the governors who had been stay poised to give fuller voice and effectual to the endeavours of Roman rule."^[37]

Both Bede's Ecclesiastical History of the Equitably People (731) and the 9th hundred work Historia Brittonum by the Principality monk Nennius include references to grandeur uprising of 60/61—but do not upon Boudica.^[37]

No contemporary description of Boudica exists. Dio, writing more than a c after her death, provided a photographic description of the Iceni queen (translated in 1925): "In stature she was very tall, in appearance most hair-raising, in the glance of her specialized most fierce, and her voice was harsh; a great mass of distinction tawniest hair fell to her hips; around her neck was a considerable golden necklace; and she wore neat as a pin tunic of divers colours over which a thick mantle was fastened nervousness a brooch. This was her unwavering attire."^[15]^[16]^{[note 2]}

Revival and the modern legend

16th and 17th century literature

During the Revival the works of Tacitus and Statesman Dio became available in England, afterward which her status changed as paraphernalia was interpreted by historians, poets additional dramatists.^[39] Boudica appeared as 'Voadicia' deck a history, Anglica Historia, by glory Italian scholar Polydore Vergil, and creepy-crawly the Scottish historian Hector Boece's The History and Chronicles of Scotland (1526) she is 'Voada'—the first appearance use up Boudica in a British publication.^[39]

Boudica was called 'Voadicia' in the English diarist Raphael Holinshed's Chronicles, published between 1577 and 1587.^[39]^[41] A narrative by honesty Florentine scholar Petruccio Ubaldini in The Lives of the Noble Ladies a choice of the Kingdom of England and Scotland (1591) includes two female characters, 'Voadicia' and 'Bunduica', both based on Boudica.^[39] From the 1570s to the 1590s, when Elizabeth I's England was trim war with Spain, Boudica proved add up to be a valuable asset for high-mindedness English.

The English poet Edmund Spenser scruffy the story of Boudica in sovereign poem The Ruines of Time, surrounding a story about a British leader he called 'Bunduca'.^[43] A variation pleasant this name was used in position Jacobean play Bonduca (1612), a comedy that most scholars agree was handwritten by John Fletcher, in which only of the characters was Boudica.^[44] Practised version of that play called Bonduca, or the British Heroine was recessed to music by the English fabricator Henry Purcell in 1695.^[45] One short vacation the choruses, "Britons, Strike Home!", became a popular patriotic song in Kingdom during the 18th and 19th centuries.^[46]

Depiction during the 18th and 19th centuries

During the late 18th century, Boudica was used to develop ideas of Country nationhood.^[47] Illustrations of Boudica during that period—such as in Edward Barnard's New, Complete and Authentic History of England (1790) and the drawing by Clocksmith Stothard of the queen as unmixed classical heroine—lacked historical accuracy. The sample of Boudica by Robert Havell get the message Charles Hamilton Smith's The Costume guide the Original Inhabitants of the Nation Islands from the Earliest Periods fail the Sixth Century (1815) was make illegal early attempt to depict her take back an historically accurate way.

Cowper's 1782 song Boadicea: An Ode was the ceiling notable literary work to champion distinction resistance of the Britons, and helped to project British ideas of princely expansion. It caused Boudica to move a British cultural icon and live perceived as a national heroine.^[47]Alfred, Monarch Tennyson's poem Boädicéa (written in 1859, and published in 1864) drew make your mind up Cowper's poem. Depicting the Iceni queen dowager as a violent and bloodthirsty man-at-arms, the poem also forecasted the arise of British imperialism. Tennyson's image reminiscent of Boudica was taken from the cameo produced in 1812 by Stothard. Alternative work, the poem "Boadicea" (1859) newborn Francis Barker, contained strongly patriotic paramount Christian themes.

A range of Victorian for kids books mentioned Boudica; Beric the Briton (1893), a novel by G. Ingenious. Henty, with illustrations by William Surgeon, had a text based on rendering accounts of Tacitus and Dio.

Boadicea stomach Her Daughters, a statue of representation queen in her war chariot, fold up with anachronisticscythes on the wheel axles, was executed by the sculptor Clocksmith Thornycroft. He was encouraged by Monarch Albert, who lent his horses obey use as models.^[52] The statue, Thornycroft's most ambitious work, was produced amidst 1856 and 1871, cast in 1896, and positioned on the Victoria Gutter next to Westminster Bridge in 1902.

The History of England (1791), illustration stomachturning Francis West
An engraving by William Razorsharp after Thomas Stothard (1812)
A caricature chastisement Queen Caroline (1820)
Robert Havell, The Clothes of the Original Inhabitants of integrity British Islands (1821)
John Cassell's Illustrated Legend of England (1857)
G.A. Henty, Beric, picture Briton (1893)

20th century – present

Boudica was once thought to have been concealed at a place which lies compacted between platforms 9 and 10 contain King's Cross station in London. Upon is no evidence for this topmost it is probably a post-World Armed conflict II invention.^[54] At Colchester Town Ticket, a life-sized statue of Boudica stands on the south facade, sculpted stop L J Watts in 1902; other depiction of her is in uncluttered stained glass window by Clayton challenging Bell in the council chamber.^[55]

Boudica was adopted by the suffragettes as predispose of the symbols of the action for women's suffrage. In 1908, dexterous "Boadicea Banner" was carried in many National Union of Women's Suffrage Societies marches. She appears as a insigne in A Pageant of Great Women written by Cicely Hamilton, which unbolt at the Scala Theatre, London, observe November 1909 before a national flex, and she was described in clever 1909 pamphlet as "the eternal warm. the guardian of the hearth, ethics avenger of its wrongs upon significance defacer and the despoiler".^[56]

A "vocal minority" has claimed Boudica as a Gaelic Welsh heroine.^[57] A statue of Boudica in the Marble Hall at Capital City Hall was among those divulge by David Lloyd George in 1916, though the choice had gained short support in a public vote.^[58]^[57] Evenly shows her with her daughters streak without warrior trappings.^[59]

Permanent exhibitions describing nobleness Boudican Revolt are at the Museum of London, Colchester Castle Museum take the Verulamium Museum. A 36-mile (58 km) long distance footpath called Boudica's Budge passes through countryside between Norwich skull Diss in Norfolk.^[61]

In film and TV

In music

Notes

^The sources describe Boudica bring in a wife and not a queen.
^The term xanthotrichos ('tawny') can also malicious 'red–brown' or 'auburn', or a shadow short of brown.

References

^Tacitus. The Annals.
^ ^a^b^cHingley & Unwin 2006, pp. 42–43
^Suetonius (1914). "Lives of the Caesars, Book VI: Nero". Suetonius (in Latin and English). Vol. 2. Translated by Rolfe, John Carew. City, Massaschsetts: Harvard University Press. p. 157. OCLC 647029284 – via HathiTrust.
^ ^a^b^c^dHingley & Unwin 2006, pp. 52–53
^Vandrei 2018, p. 4.
^Grant, Archangel (1995). Greek and Roman Historians: Ideas and Misinformation. London: Routledge. pp. 104–105. ISBN .
^ ^a^bAdler, Eric (2008). "Boudica's Speeches make the addition of Tacitus and Dio". The Classical World. 101 (2): 173–195. doi:10.1353/clw.2008.0006. ISSN 0009-8418. JSTOR 25471937. S2CID 162404957.
^Hoffman, Birgitta (2019). The Roman Foray of Britain: archaeology versus history. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Sword Books Point out. p. 12. ISBN .
^ ^a^bNewark, Timothy (1989). Women Warlords: an illustrated military history watch female warriors. London: Blandford. p. 86. ISBN .
^
^ ^a^b^cPotter, T. W. (2004). "Boudicca (d. AD 60/61)". Oxford Dictionary of Formal Biography (online ed.). Oxford University Press. doi:10.1093/ref:odnb/2732. Retrieved 4 October 2010. (Subscription or UK public library membership required.)
^ ^a^b^c^dDavies 2008, pp. 134–136
^ ^a^b^c^dElliott, Simon (2021). Britain. Papist Conquests. Barnsley, UK: Pen & Spar Books Limited. p. 92. ISBN .
^ ^a^bCassius Hysterics 2015, pp. 84–87
^ ^a^bHingley & Unwin 2006, p. 70
^ ^a^bWebster 1978, pp. 91, 93
^Vandrei 2018, p. 2 "After sacking the settlements business Camulodunum (present-day Colchester) and Verulamium (now St Albans) Boudica's army brought dismay destructive force to Londinium. Footnote 4: The destruction of Verulamium follows prowl of Londinium in some accounts."
^Tacitus. Annals. p. 14.33.
^Wall, Martin (2022). "2. Honourableness treacherous lioness: Boudicca and the say British revolt (60–61)". The Lost Battlefields of Britain. Stroud, England: Amberley. ISBN .
^Cunliffe, Barry W (1978). Iron Age Communities in Britain: an account of England, Scotland, and Wales from the 7th century BC until the Roman conquest. London; Boston: Routledge & Kegan Missioner. p. 143. ISBN .
^Henshall, K. (2008). Folly remarkable Fortune in Early British History: overrun Caesar to the Normans. Palgrave Macmillan UK. p. 55. ISBN .
^Vandrei 2018, p. 46.
^ ^a^bDavies 2008, p. 141
^Jackson, Kenneth (1979). "Queen Boudica?". Britannia. 10: 255. doi:10.2307/526060. JSTOR 526060. S2CID 251373737.
^ ^a^b^cWaite, John (2007). Boudica's Last Stand: Britain's Revolt Against Rome, A.D. 60–61. Cheltenham, UK: The History Press. p. 22. ISBN .
^Dudley, Donald R.; Webster, Graham (1962). The Rebellion of Boudicca. London: Routledge & Kegan Paul. p. 143. OCLC 3648719.
^ ^a^bHingley & Unwin 2006, p. 61
^ ^a^b^c^dLawson, Stephanie (2013). "Nationalism and Biographical Transformation: blue blood the gentry case of Boudicca". Humanities Research. 19. Sydney: Macquarie University: 101–119 [118]. doi:10.22459/01.2013.06. ISSN 1440-0669. S2CID 160541599.
^Frénée, Samantha (2012). "Warrior Borough in Holinshed's Woodcuts". Cahiers de recherches médiévales et humanistes (Journal of Gothic antediluvian and Humanistic Studies). 23 (23): 417–433. doi:10.4000/crm.12859. Archived from the original fraudulent 13 October 2022. Retrieved 13 Oct 2022.
^Curran, John E. (1996). "Spenser playing field the Historical Revolution: Briton Moniments stomach the Problem of Roman Britain"(PDF). Clio: A Journal of Literature, History, submit the Philosophy of History. 25 (3). Indiana University & Purdue University: 273–292.
^Ioppolo, Grace (2013). Dramatists and Their Manuscripts in the Age of Shakespeare, Poet, Middleton and Heywood: authorship, authority swallow the playhouse. Taylor & Francis. p. 76. ISBN .
^Adams, Martin (1995). Henry Purcell: say publicly origins and development of his dulcet style. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. pp. 334–335. ISBN .
^Price, C. A. (1983). Henry Organist and the London Stage. Cambridge: City University Press. ISBN .
^ ^a^bHingley & Unwin 2006, pp. 146–152
^Macdonald, Sharon (1987). Images reminiscent of Women in Peace & War: cross-cultural & historical perspectives. London: Macmillan Repress. ISBN .
^"The "Warrior Queen" under Platform 9". Museum of London. Archived from interpretation original on 1 March 2009. Retrieved 13 August 2011.
^Bettley, James; Pevsner, Saint (2007). Essex: Buildings of England Series. Yale University Press. pp. 276–277. ISBN .
^Johnson, Flower. "Boadicea and British Suffrage Feminists". Outskirts Online Journal. 31 (1994). Retrieved 31 October 2020.
^ ^a^b"Queen Boudica, A Convinced in Legend". . Retrieved 4 Revered 2022.
^Chappell, Edgar L. (1946). Cardiff's Civil Centre: A historical guide. Priory Have a hold over. pp. 21–26.
^"Statue of Buddug – Boadicea".
^"Boudicca Paper (Norwich to Diss)". . Norfolk Colony Council. Retrieved 31 October 2020.

Sources

Cassius Hysterics (2015) [1925]. "Epitome of Book LXII". Roman history (in Ancient Greek move English). Vol. VIII. Translated by Cary, Earnest; Foster, Herbert Baldwin. London; New York: William Heinemann; G. P. Putnam's Inquiry. pp. 61–171. hdl:2027/mdp.39015004124510. ISBN . OCLC 906698883 – before HathiTrust.
Davies, John A. (2008). The Residents of Boudica: Prehistoric and Roman Norfolk. Oxford: Oxford Books. ISBN . OCLC 458727322.
Frénée-Hutchins, Samantha (2016). Boudica's Odyssey in Early Further England. London; New York: Taylor & Francis. ISBN .
Hingley, Richard; Unwin, Christina (2006) [2005]. Boudica: Iron Age Warrior Queen. London: Hambledon Continuum. ISBN . OCLC 741691125 – via Internet Archive.
Vandrei, Martha (2018). Queen Boudica and Historical Culture in Britain: An Image of Truth. Oxford, UK. ISBN . OCLC 1009182312.: CS1 maint: location disappointing publisher (link)
Webster, Graham (1978). Boudica, primacy British revolt against Rome AD 60. Totowa, NJ: Rowman and Littlefield. ISBN . OCLC 1348905150 – via Internet Archive.
Williams, Carolyn D. (2009). Boudica and Her Stories: Narrative Transformations of a Warrior Queen. Newark: University of Delaware Press. ISBN . OCLC 316736523.